Fundamental of Programming

 ASCII and Unicode ASCII is a 7-bit code characters code with values from 0 to 127 and Unicode characters is a superset of ASCII that contains the ASCII code with the values from 0 to 10FFFF16. Representing sound Sounds are converted into binary form, sound is captured and then converted into digital signal. Representing number Numbers are represented by a string of bits called binary number. Number system Computers use binary base number system as they are made of binary digital components known as transistors. Hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base 8) number systems are used as a compact in representing binary numbers. Decimal (base 10) number system has ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. It uses positional notation. Binary (base 2) Number system has two symbols:0 and 1. Hexadecimal (base 16) Number system use 16 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Each hexadecimal digit is also called a hex digit. Most programming languages accept lowercase 'a...

 The heart of the computer is the CPU which is also known as the Processor. It includes the arithmetic and logic and control in the system bus. Data is stored in bits. One byte is equivalent to eight bits. Computers interpret our intentions and process information by the representation of those instructions as bit. Process of storing data User types a character. Keyboard converts the character into binary code. All the processing and storing are done in binary form. Transmission to the printer is in binary form. Printer converts binary code to characters before printing. Functional units It is organized into words of typically 32 bits which contains 8-bit bytes. A personal computer memory might have 4 gigabytes or more. Cache memory: It is an adjunct to the main memory which is smaller and faster. It holds the sections of data and program currently/frequently bring executed. (Functional units) Processor: Logic circuits: for performing arithmetic and logic operations on word-size da...

 Computer System  A computer system consists of input. processing and output components which are also the basic functions of a computer system. Input is a place or a device through which energy or information enters a system. Input devices are keyboards, mouse, microphone and many more. Processing consists of CPU that executes instructions from the computer programs. CPUs are composed of two or more processors known as cores. Multicore CPUs enables computers to carry out instructions which leads to a better performance. Output is a place or a device which produces or delivers data. Output devices are monitor, printers, headphones, projectors and many more. Storage Components The two main category of storage are short-term storage and long-term storage. Random Access Memory (Short-term memory) RAM is a temporary memory where the data stored must be retrieved within a short span. It is also referred to as 'working storage'. A disk drive (Virtual memory) is used when there is no...